ABSTRACT To assess the ability of the collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ) to digest dietary fiber, four adult male collared peccaries were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding non-traditional feed ingredients, taken from palm trees with different levels of dietary fiber, on intake and coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and mean retention time. Four experimental diets were provided ad libitum: corn and soybean meal-based control diet; corn and palm kernel cake-based diet; corn and peach palm byproduct-based diet; and hay, palm kernel cake, and peach palm byproduct-based diet. The CTTAD of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were 0.80±0.09 and 0.61±0.21, respectively. Increasing levels of ADF in diets also linearly decreased the CTTAD of crude protein and gross energy, while increasing non-fiber carbohydrate linearly decreased the CTTAD of ADF. These results confirm the ability of peccaries to digest fiber. However, the intake of a high-moisture and lignified ingredient, as the peach palm byproduct, decreased feed intake of peccaries due to their relatively small forestomach volume, which in turn may decrease their performance when used for prolonged periods. Despite of that, collared peccary gain a significant benefit in digestibility of dietary fiber due to its complex stomach in which fermentation occurs.

RESUMO: A sagitária tem sido considerada uma das principais plantas daninhas infestante das áreas orizícolas de Santa Catarina e do Rio Grande do Sul que utilizam o sistema de semeadura pré-germinado. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a seletividade e a eficácia da aplicação de saflufenacil em isolado, em mistura e/ou de forma sequencial com outros herbicidas em arroz irrigado, para o manejo de biótipos de Sagittaria montevidensis resistente aos herbicidas inibidores de ALS e FSII. O primeiro experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação, foi composto de aplicações de saflufenacil, de modo isolado ou combinado com penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bentazon ou propanil sobre o biótipo de S. montevidensis (SAGMO 32) e da cultivar de arroz irrigado Epagri 108. No segundo experimento, avaliaram-se, em condições de campo, aplicações isoladas, combinadas e sequencial de saflufenacil, bentazon e cyhalofop-butyl sobre a cultivar Epagri 108. O saflufenacil combinado com propanil apresenta elevada fitotoxicidade e redução do acúmulo de massa seca da cultivar Epagri 108. A aplicação de forma combinada ou sequencial de saflufenacil, bentazon e cyhalofop-butyl ocasiona aumento da fitotoxicidade à cultivar Epagri 108 em comparação àaplicação isolada. A aplicação isolada de saflufenacil ou combinada com penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, bentazon ou pyrazosulfuron-ethyl não proporcionou controle adequado do SAGMO 32.

ABSTRACT: California arrowhead is one of the primary weeds infesting paddy rice fields in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, where the system of pre-germinated seeding is used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity and effectiveness of saflufenacil application in irrigated rice, either singly or in combination with other herbicides in the same application or sequentially, for the control of Sagittaria montevidensis biotype that is resistant to ALSand PSII-inhibiting herbicides. In the first experiment carried out in a greenhouse, saflufenacil was applied, either singly or in combination with penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bentazon, or propanil to the S. montevidensis (SAGMO 32) biotype and the irrigated rice variety Epagri 108. In the second experiment, single or combined (including sequential) applications of saflufenacil, bentazon, and cyhalofop-butyl were applied to Epagri 108 in open field conditions. Saflufenacil combined with propanil showed a high degree of phytotoxicity and a reduction in the accumulation of dry mass in Epagri 108. Application of saflufenacil, bentazon, and cyhalofop-butyl in combination or sequentially resulted in an increase in phytotoxicity in Epagri 108 compared to when applied singly. A pplication of saflufenacil singly or in combination with penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, bentazon, or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl did not adequately control SAGMO 32.

Os herbicidas usados na cultura do arroz Clearfield® podem persistir no ambiente e causar danos no arroz não tolerante, cultivado em sucessão. Esse dano pode ser de intensidade variável, dependendo, dentre outros fatores, do movimento ascendente do herbicida para região de absorção do sistema radicular das plantas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar o efeito da altura do lençol freático no movimento ascendente do herbicida composto pela mistura formulada de imazethapyr e imazapic. Para isso, foram coletados lisímetros de solo com auxílio de tubos de PVC (15x30cm). O herbicida foi aplicado na superfície inferior dos lisímetros, onde foram simulados diferentes profundidades do lençol freático (0, 5, 10, 15 e 25cm da superfície do solo). Os lisímetros permaneceram nessa condição por período de 150 dias, quando foram cortados longitudinalmente, seccionados em porções de 5cm (0-5 a 25-30cm) e realizado bioensaio com a cultivar de arroz não tolerante, IRGA 417. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que ocorre movimento ascendente da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic ao longo do perfil do solo de várzea durante o período da entressafra do arroz irrigado, sendo este maior quando o lençol freático está localizado mais próximo da superfície do solo. O movimento ascendente através da diluição do herbicida na solução do solo ocorre por fluxo de massa através do arraste pela água, transportada por capilaridade para zonas mais superficiais do solo.

The herbicides that use the Clearfield Rice System can persist in the environment and damage non-tolerant rice sowing in rotation. This damage can variable in intensity, depending on, among other factors, of the upward movement of the herbicide to the absorption region of the plant root system. The aim of this research was to verify the effect of the height of the water table in upward movement of the herbicide in intact soil cores. Intact soil cores were collected with PVC tubes 15cm in diameter and 30cm deep. The herbicide was applied on the bottom of the samples, and it was simulated water table depths (0, 5, 10, 15 and 25cm of the soil surface). The intact samples remained in this condition for a period of 150 days, when they were cut into 5cm slices (0-5 a 25-30cm) and bioassay were performed with the non-tolerant rice cultivar. With the results it was conclude that there is upward movement of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic herbicides along the paddy soil profile during the fallow and this transport is greater when the water table is located closer to the soil surface. The upward movement by dilution of the herbicide in the soil solution occurs by mass flow through the water transported by capillarity to superficial sites of soil.